VOLUME 19: THE NORTH AMERICAN BASQUE ORGANIZATIONS (NABO), INCORPORATED
IPAR AMERIKAKO EUSKAL ELEKARTEAK 1937-2007

Argitxu Camus Etchecopar

Aurkezpena / Presentation

Hitzaurrea / Preface

Acknowledgements

Chapter one: The Phenomenon of Basque Migration and the Definition of Key Concepts
The Phenomenon of Basque Migration Over the Last Five Centuries:

An Analysis
Basque Migration or Basque Migrations?
The Adaptation Process
Basque Emigration in the New Millennium

Diaspora an Ethnicity
Diaspora: A Term Adapted to the Basque Immigrant Experience?
The Significances of Ethnicity and Ethnicity Maintenance

The social Psychology Perspective
Literature Review
Hypotheses

Chapter two: Early Years of NABO: 1937-1986

Factors that Eventually Led to the Creation of NABO
No Distinct Basque group Before the 1950s
Important Developments within the Wider Society after the 1950s
The 1959 "Western Basque Festival:" The Catalyst
Early Exchanges Between the Clubs

The origin of the idea
Jon Bilbao and the Basque Studies Program: Catalyst of the Idea
Miren Rementeria Artiach, Al Erquiaga and the Boise Basque Studies Center (IBSC)
Suspicious Reactions

Firs Western Basque Convention: sparks, March 1973
The Representatives
Topics for Discussion

From the "Western States Basque Federation" to the North American Basque Organizations
Preparation Meeting of the First NABO Convention
First NABO Convention: August 1973 in Reno, at Louis'Basque Corner
Main Objectives and the Membership

Difficult early years
Overcoming the Political Anathema
Convincing the Other Clubs: A Difficult Task
Slow Take Off of the Activities
The Important Role Played by Jacques Unhassobiscay and the Commitment of the Officers
Lack of Funding

The Philosophy of NABO, What it Has Achieved
Get the Clubs Together
NABO as a Vehicle of Preservation of Basque Culture
Make the Basque Culture More Visible
The Turn of the Year 1986

Chapter three: Toward a Basque American Identity: the "NABO Effect"

Overcoming Regional Barriers
A Community Fragmented Before the 1970s
The Key Role of NABO
Communication Has Increased

A sense of Basque American identity
A Dual Identity
Zazpiak Bat
Claim of a Distinct Basque American Identity

Old World Basques vs. U.S. Born Basques
What Basque Culture for the Future?

The Basque Country Is More Aware of its Diaspora

Chapter four: NABO's Main Activities

Pelota
Brief History of Pelota in the Western United States
The U.S. Federation of Pelota and NABO
Relations with the Basque Country
Pelota in the United States Today

Mus
NABO Mus tournament
Federación Internacional de Mus
International Mus Championships in the United States

NABO Music Camp or Udaleku
1973: First Music Camp in Boise
NABO Music Camp
The Key Educational and Community Building Role of Udaleku

NABO Calendar

NABO's Euskal Kantari Eguna
Singing and Bertsolari Contest
NABO's Euskal Kantari Eguna

Chapter five: Gender and Migration

Literature on Migrant Women: Historical Approach
Invisible Women Until the 1975s
1975s Paradigmatic Shift
Current Reflections
Much Remains To Be Investigated

Current Knowledge on Women and Migration

Basque women in the Basque institutions of the diaspora
The Necessity to Study Women as Part of Basque Immigration
Emigrating, Women Re-negotiate Their Roles
Role Re-negotiation in the Basque Institutions of the Diaspora

Gender Perspective Applied to NABO and its Member Clubs
Gender and Leadership within the Basque American Institutions
The Activities of NABO as Seen Through a Gender Perspective
Public / Private Dichotomy

Chapter six: Basque Government-NABO Relations

NABO-Basque Government Relations, 1982-1994
First Contact: 1980, Culminated by the 1982 Congress
First Basque Government Representative to the United States and Visit of the Lehendakari
1990 Basque Government Grant and the Issues it Raised

NABO-Basque Government Relations after 1994
The Issue of Registration
Is NABO Dependent on the Basque Government Money? Does the Basque Government Expect Something in Return?
Modern / Traditional Dichotomy

Relations with Nafarroa and Iparralde

Chapter seven: NABO Today

NABO and its Member Clubs (1987-2007)
New Clubs After 1987
A Varied Membership

Recreation / Education
"Recretion+Educate=Perpetuate"
Educatioinal Organizations within NABO

Euskara

Expanding Relations with Other Diaspora Basques
Early Exchanges with Other Conuntries
Relations with Canada and Mexico

Youth
Youth Directors
Gaztealdi

Challenges
Structural / Organizational Challenges
Identity Crisis and Purpose Crisis
Atract New Members (Clubs and Indiviudals)

Concluion

Glossary

Sources

Appendices